Journal: Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids

Article Title: Comparative analysis of expression, immunogenicity, and safety profiles between linear and circular RNA vaccine platforms

doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2026.102954

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo expression of Human IgG expression by Linear and circular RNA platforms (A) Comparative in vivo kinetics of human IgG expression by linear and circular RNA. A 20 μg dose of Lin-WT, Lin-m1Ψ and Circ-WT formulated in LNPs was injected via intravenous injection ( n = 3 per group). Serum sample were collected at indicated time points (0, 3, 6, 24, 72, and 120 h), and human IgG concentrations were quantified by sandwich ELISA. (B) Cumulative protein expression levels. Total human IgG protein was calculated as the Area Under Curve (AUC) for the duration of 120 h post-injection. Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3). Statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test or ordinary one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: HRP-conjugated anti-mouse total IgG, IgG1 (Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomery, TX, USA), and IgG2a (Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomery, TX, USA) antibodies were diluted 1:5,000 in 1% BSA and added to the wells and incubated at RT for 1 h. Following three washes with PBS-T, TMB was added to the wells.

Techniques: In Vivo, Expressing, Injection, Sandwich ELISA, Comparison

Journal: Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids

Article Title: Comparative analysis of expression, immunogenicity, and safety profiles between linear and circular RNA vaccine platforms

doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2026.102954

Figure Lengend Snippet: Humoral immune response induced by different RNA platforms Each group represents negative control (DPBS), unmodified linear mRNA (Lin-WT), modified linear mRNA (Lin-m1Ψ), or unmodified circular RNA (Circ-WT). (A) Schematic overview of the immunization regimen. BALB/c mice were intramuscularly immunized twice, 2 weeks apart, with 10 μg of LNP-encapsulated HA-encoding mRNA (Lin-WT, Lin-m1Ψ, or Circ-WT), and serum was collected 2 weeks after the second dose for antibody analysis. (B) Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay results showing functional antibodies that prevent hemagglutination of the influenza virus. (C) Microneutralization (MN) assay results showing neutralizing antibody titers against the PR8 influenza virus. (D–F) Serum antibody titers measured by ELISA. (D) anti-HA total IgG titers, (E) anti-HA IgG1 subclass titers (Th2 response), and (F) anti-HA IgG2a subclass titers (Th1 response). Data represent geometric mean ± geometric SD (GMT ±SD). Statistical significance was determined by ordinary one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test or the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test, depending on the normality of the data. ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01.

Article Snippet: HRP-conjugated anti-mouse total IgG, IgG1 (Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomery, TX, USA), and IgG2a (Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomery, TX, USA) antibodies were diluted 1:5,000 in 1% BSA and added to the wells and incubated at RT for 1 h. Following three washes with PBS-T, TMB was added to the wells.

Techniques: Negative Control, Modification, HI Assay, Functional Assay, Virus, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Comparison

Journal: Virology Journal

Article Title: Development of a nano-emulsion and evaluation of its intradermal adjuvant function of Swine Influenza H3N2 Vaccine

doi: 10.1186/s12985-026-03184-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Poly(I: C) demonstrated the most potent immune-boosting effect. A-B :Mice were immunized twice at a 2-week interval with inactivated H3N2 vaccine adjuvanted with VG, VP, VY, CV20, ISA15, or Gel02. Sera were collected two weeks after the final immunization for measurement of H3N2-specific IgG and hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody levels; C-D : Mice were immunized twice at a 2-week interval with inactivated H3N2 vaccine adjuvanted with P, A + P, B + P, or VP. Sera were collected two weeks after the final immunization for measurement of H3N2-specific IgG and HAI antibody levels.All data are presented as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments, each performed in triplicate ( n = 5 mice per group). The results were analysed for significance using one-way ANOVA using GraphPad Prism for Windows version 5.02 (* P < 0.05,** P < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 5)

Article Snippet: Subsequently, HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG, IgG1, IgG2a antibodies (1:20000, A90-116P,105P,107P, Bethyl, USA) were introduced to detect specific subtypes for 1 h at 37°C.

Techniques: HI Assay

Journal: Virology Journal

Article Title: Development of a nano-emulsion and evaluation of its intradermal adjuvant function of Swine Influenza H3N2 Vaccine

doi: 10.1186/s12985-026-03184-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: The VP adjuvant tended to Th1-type immune responses. Mice were immunized twice at a 2-week interval with inactivated H3N2 vaccine adjuvanted with VP, CV20, ISA15, or Gel02. A : H3N2-specific IgG1, IgG2a antibody titers in the mice immunized with different H3N2 vaccines; B : The concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-4 in the splenocyte supernatants following stimulation with inactivated H3N2 antigen of the mice immunized with different H3N2 vaccines. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments, each of which was performed in triplicate ( n = 5).The results were analysed for significance using one-way ANOVA using GraphPad Prism for Windows version 5.02 (* P < 0.05,** P < 0.01)

Article Snippet: Subsequently, HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG, IgG1, IgG2a antibodies (1:20000, A90-116P,105P,107P, Bethyl, USA) were introduced to detect specific subtypes for 1 h at 37°C.

Techniques: Adjuvant, Vaccines

Journal: Virology Journal

Article Title: Development of a nano-emulsion and evaluation of its intradermal adjuvant function of Swine Influenza H3N2 Vaccine

doi: 10.1186/s12985-026-03184-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: The VP-adjuvanted vaccine resulted in elevated levels of serum IgG and HAI antibodies. Mice were immunized with different H3N2 vaccines.Serum samples were collected 28dpi. A-B :Levels of H3N2-specific IgG and HAI antibodies in mice immunized with varying doses of H3N2 antigen (containing 5.6, 2.8, 1.4, 0.7, and 0.4 µg HA) combined with 5 µl of VP adjuvant; C-D :Levels of H3N2-specific IgG and HAI antibodies in mice immunized with an H3N2 antigen (containing 2.8 µg HA) in conjunction with different volumes of VP adjuvant (0, 2, 5, and 10 µl). All data are expressed as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments, each of which was performed in triplicate ( n = 5) .The results were analysed for significance using one-way ANOVA using GraphPad Prism for Windows version 5.02 (* P < 0.05,** P < 0.01)

Article Snippet: Subsequently, HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG, IgG1, IgG2a antibodies (1:20000, A90-116P,105P,107P, Bethyl, USA) were introduced to detect specific subtypes for 1 h at 37°C.

Techniques: Vaccines, Adjuvant

Journal: Virology Journal

Article Title: Development of a nano-emulsion and evaluation of its intradermal adjuvant function of Swine Influenza H3N2 Vaccine

doi: 10.1186/s12985-026-03184-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: The immune responses induced by ID and IM immunization with the VP-adjuvanted vaccine were compared. Mice received the VP adjuvanted vaccine via either intradermal (ID) or intramuscular (IM) administration. Serum and BALF samples were collected at the indicated days post immunization. A :HAI antibody titers in serum from day 0-240 dpi. B :H3N2 specific IgG antibody titers in serum collected at 70 dpi; C :Cross reactive IgG antibody titers against heterologous H1N1 in serum at 70 dpi; D-E :H3N2 specific IgG antibody titers in BALF at 28 dpi; F :Cross reactive HAI antibody titers against H1N1 in BALF at 28 dpi. All data are presented as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments ( n = 5 mice per group). Statistical significance was determined by t test (ID vs. IM) using GraphPad Prism for Windows version 5.02 (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01)

Article Snippet: Subsequently, HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG, IgG1, IgG2a antibodies (1:20000, A90-116P,105P,107P, Bethyl, USA) were introduced to detect specific subtypes for 1 h at 37°C.

Techniques: